080829

新词根：
247. val 强
invalid 站不住脚的论据、没有根据的假定、没有道理的要求an invalid argument, assumption, claim, etc.宣布一婚姻在法律上无效declare a marriage invalid 护照过期是无效的a passport that is out of date is invalid
invalidity
invalidism
valiant (修辞)brave or determined; 顽强的抵抗、努力valiant resistence, efforts 她放大胆笑了起来。She made a valiant attempt to laugh.
valour/valor (修辞)bravery, esp in war 显示出极大的勇气display great valor 因勇敢而受奖的军人soldiers decorated(ie given awards)for valor
valorous
convalesce [I]regain one's helth and strength after an illness 她经过住院治疗后，前往海滨养病。She went to the seaside to convalesce after her stay in hospital.
convalescence
convalescent疗养所a convalescent home, ie a type of hospital where people convalesce

248. van 空，无
vanish 那小偷消失在人群中。The theif vanished into the crowd. 消失得无影无踪vanish into thin air 我的成功前景[希望]已破灭My prospects/hopes of success have vanished
vanity 在她的举止中毫无虚荣表现not a trace of vanity in her behavior 迎合某人的虚荣心tickle sb's vanity, ie do or say sth that flatters him 受到伤害的虚荣心injured vanity, ie resentment caused by slight or humiliation 人类成就之徒劳无益the vanity of human achievements
evanesce
evanescence
evanescent 如雪花落入河中，瞬即消失as evanescent as snowflakes on a river 流行歌曲演唱者一瞬即逝的声誉a pop singer's evaneswcent fame
evanish[诗] 消失；死

251. vol, volunt 意志，意愿
volition 她完全是自愿离开的。She left entirely of her own volition.
volitional 自愿的活动a volitional act
volitive
benevolence
benevolent和蔼可亲的神态、态度、样子a benevolent air, attitude, manner 发善心的独裁者a benevolent dictator 施仁政的专制政体benevolent despotism 慈善机构[团体/基金]a benevolent institution/society
malevolence恶意；敌意；怨恨
malevolent恶毒的人、神色、微笑a malevolent person, look, smile
volunteer
voluntary那个犯人主动地做了供述。The prisoner made a voluntary statement. 慈善事业依靠自愿捐赠。Charities rely on voluntary donnations/contributions. 那家商号自动停业清算债务。The firm went into voluntary liquidation. 这个组织是由志愿人员管理的。The organization is run on a voluntary basis. 义务性的服务、机构、中心等a voluntary service, institurion, centre风琴、小号独奏organ, trumpet voluntary
voluntarily
involuntary 因吃惊而引起的不自觉的动作an involuntary movement of surprise, eg jumping when startled
involuntary

阅读：

The cost for Russia （背景知识：格鲁吉亚，南奥塞梯，颜色革命，乌克兰橙色革命，科索沃，车臣。）
http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12010136

单词、句式总结：
蒸发evaporate
假释parole
扣押detained
使厌倦，使苦恼irk
反驳retort
超出人们意料地扮演了战争领袖的角色has been cast in the unlikely role of war leader
喜欢上打仗got a taste for war
假借的托词the argument is spurious
民族主义领导人曾在南奥塞梯实施暴行nationalistic leaders committed atrocities in South Ossetia
俄罗斯支持格鲁吉亚的分裂主义行径，却残酷地镇压了车臣的的分裂活动。Russia has bolstered separatism in Georgia but crushed it brutally in Chechnya.
与…的抗议活动如出一辙in a repeat of a protest（不要再用just as...了）
我们无所畏惧，包括冷战。Nothing scares us, including the prospect of a cold war.
培养仇外情绪cultivate xenophobic sentiment
视法国的停火协商为儿戏made a mockery of the French-negotiated ceasefire
普京构建的政治体系需要有假想敌和四面楚歌的周边环境的支撑the political system built by Mr Putin requires the images of an enemy and a besieged fortress
格鲁吉亚的分裂the partition of Georgia

Obama Takes Aim at Bush and McCain With a Forceful Call to ‘Change America’
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/29/us/politics/29dems.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin

复习旧词根16-18，1-6

法语：复习第四章，第一章

080828

新词根：
252. volu, volv 滚，转

voluble 贬 喋喋不休爱说话 voluble protests, excuses, etc
volume 把音量调大/小turn the volume up/down 电视机音量已开到最大了The TV was on at full volume. 音乐的声音大了一倍。The music doubled in volume. 烟囱里冒出来团团黑烟Volumes of black smoke poured from the chimeny. 大量的业务、工作、邮件等the sheer volume of business, work, mail, etc 抗议事件已增加/减少The volume of protest rose/fell.藏书超过12 000册的图书馆a library of over 12 000 columes
evolve在维多利亚时代，许多人对于人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊。Many Victorians were shocked by the nothion that Man had evolved from lower forms of life. 美国宪法是精心制定的，英国宪法是约定俗成的。The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved. 他经过多年的研究，逐渐总结出了新的理论。He has evolved a new theory after many years of research.
evolution
evolutionist
involve 这一设计离不开计算机。The scheme involves computers. 工作需要我住在伦敦。The job involves me/my living in London. 许多人参加了罢工。The strike involved many people. 涉及国家安全的形势a situation in which national security is involved. 你解决你的问题，不要把我拉进去。Don't involve me in solving your problem. 使某人破费、招惹许多麻烦involve sb in expense, a lot of trouble 他参与了一场激烈的争论He was involved in a heated argument. 证人的证词表明你与劫案有涉The witness's statement involves you in the robbery.
involvement
convoluted 玄之又玄的论点、解释a convoluted argument, explanation, etc 盘绕成团的脑回the convoluted folds of the brainconvolution
intervolve使互卷；使互相缠绕
circumvolution盘绕，旋绕一周
revolution 鼓起、激起革命foment, stir up revolution 从政治方面来说，演变比改革好。In politics, evolution is better than evolution. 信用卡的使用给人们的消费习惯带来巨大改变。Credit cards have brought about a revolution in people's spending habits.
revolutionary 革命的变革的彻底改变的/革命者；革命活动家
revolve仔细考虑某事物revolve sth in one's mind 地球绕太阳公转the earth revolves round the sun 我的工作是生活的中心。My life revolves around my job.
revolver左轮手枪

阅读：http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11909504Show time
http://www.newsweek.com/id/151730/page/1Rise of The Sea Turtles

一日一记：The Greeks created the Olympics millenia ago to quiet rivalries between city states, come together to compete honorably in athletics, and thereby see, acknowledge, and honor the common humanity and heroism in all peoples.
Every society on earth has skeletons in its closets and heroes in its vanguard. Dwelling on each others' skeletons produces misunderstanding, hatred, and war. Dwelling on each others' humanity and heroism produces friendship, cooperation, and a better common future.
The Olympics are obviously about honoring the best in humanity. In hosting them, the Chinese are showing us today in which direction they would like to move forward. Will we take a step with them?
Namaste.

复习旧词根：16-18

词汇及用法的按词根归类10-12 （共252）

10. circ = ring 环，圈
circus, circle
encircle, semicircle包围该城的敌军enemy troops encircling the town树木环绕着的湖a lake encircled by trees
circular, circularity, circulate, circulation, circulative,
circulatory, circlet开窗使空气流通open a window to allow the air to circulate你受到会议详情的通知了吗？Have you been circulated with
details of the conference?
circuitous, circuity迂回的路线a circuitous route
11. claim，clam = cry，chout
exclaim, exclamation, exclamatory他大声说那不是事实He exclaimed that it was untrue他的儿子已长那么高了，他不禁惊叫起来He could not help
exclaiming ar how much his son had grown
acclaim, acclamation, acclamatory备受称赞的表演a much acclaimed performance大家拥立他为国王They acclaimed him king这本书大获评论界的赞扬The book received great critical
acclaim
clamour, clamorous, clamant复仇的喊声a clamour for revenge公众大声疾呼要求撤换政府The public are clamouring for a
change of government婴儿饿得大声呼叫The baby clamoured to be fed
declaim, declamation, declamatory她写了一本书抨击我们这腐败的社会She wrote a book declaiming
against our corrupt society传教士站在市镇中心慷慨陈词A preacher stood declaiming in
the town center她的夸张而雄辩的风格her high-flown declamatory style
12. clar = clear
declare, declaration, declarative委员会反对所提的计划The commission declared against the
proposed scheme
clarify, clarification, clarity表达、思维、视觉清楚clarity of expression, thinking, vision整个问题都需要澄清The whole issue needs clarification澄清一项意见、声明clarify a remark, statement

词汇及用法的按词根归类13-15 （共252）

13. clud = close，shut 关闭（clud也作clus）

exclude, exclusive, exclusion, exclusionism
我们不可排除这孩子离家出走的可能性We must not exclude the possibility that the child has run away
女子想得到有权的职位往往遭到排斥Women are often excluded from positions of authority
该地区学生被开除的现象已到了无法控制的地步The number of children being excluded in the area is getting out of hand
这两个方案是相互抵触的（有我没他有他没我）The two plans are mutually exclusive
高级的式样、设计、物品exclusive styles, designs, articles
include, inclusion, inclusive
7-26页，包括第7页及第26页pages 7 to 26 inclusive
一切费用inclusive terms,ie with no extra charges
大会代表中有来自海外的代表The conference delegates included representatives from abroad
（在报纸上）登一篇文章include an article

conclude, conclusion, conclusive
几句结束语a few concluding remarks
会议于8时结束The meeting concluded at 8 o'clock
我们决定出去We concluded to go out
她在枪上留下的指纹就是她犯罪的确凿证据Her fingerprints on the gun were conclusive proof of her guilt

seclude, seclusion, seclusive, secluded
他把自己关在书房里埋头研究He secludes himself in his study to work
人不能与世隔绝You can't seclude yourself from the world
过着离群索居的生活lead a secluded life
在家中自己的天地in the seclusion of one's own home

recluse, reclusivelive
lead the life of a recluse过隐居生活

occlude, occlusion, occlusive
封闭堵塞/（牙）咬合occlude

preclude, preclusion, preclusive
他们这一行动并不影响其他人进行投资Their move does not preclude others from investing
这些条件使我们无法继续参加谈判These conditions preclude our taking part in the negotiations


14. cogn = know 知道

cognition, cognitive, cognize, cognizable, incognizable,
cognizant, incognizant
儿童认知能力的发展a child's cognitive development
认识到某事物have cognizance of sth
[哲]认知cognize

recognize, recognizable, irrecognizable, recognition
他为国家的贡献获得了奖赏His services to the State were recognized by a knighthood
他承认自己不够条件He recognized his lack of qualifications
获得承认的教员recognized instructors

precognition
（文或心）早知；预知；预见


15. cord = heart 心

cordial, cordially, cordiality
热诚的微笑、欢迎、握手a cordial smile, welcome, handshake, etc
无比的憎恨、憎恶、厌恶cordial hatred, detestation, loathing
我们热情友好地互相致意，然后坐下来进行会谈After the cordialities, we sat down to talk

record, recorder, recordable, recordation,recording, recordist

concord, concordance
（与邻国）和睦相处living in concord (with neighbouring states)
与我们的原则相符的做法practice concordant with our principles

discord, discordance, discordant
他们的关系出现了裂痕A note of discord crept into their relationship
不一致的观点、利益discordant views, interests, etc

accord, accordance, accordant
国与国之间的条约an accord between countries/with another country
他的行为与他的原则不符His behaviour does not accord with his principles
对他的赞扬他完全当之无愧The tribute accorded him was fully deserved
允许某人accord sb permission/accord permission to sb

cordate心形的

core
这个概念是她的理论的核心This concept is at the very core of her theory
咱们进入实质性的辩论吧Let's get to the core of the argument

词汇及用法的按词根归类19-21 （共252）

19. cur = care

security secure insecure insecurity
对自己的前途无忧无虑feel secure about one's future
明确的信念、信仰a secure faith, belief

curious curiosity incurious incuriosity curio
把它藏在好事者看不见的地方Hide it where curious eyes won't see it
她想知道发生了何事的强烈愿望her burning curiosity to know what's going on
古董古玩curio

cure curable incurable curative
那一沉重教训根除了他凡事爱打听的毛病That nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness for ever
部长们希望实行进口控制或可抑制经济上严重的通货膨胀Ministers hoped that import controls might cure the economy's serious inflation
草药的治疗性能the curative properties of a herb

20. cur curs cour cours = run

occur occurrence occurent
医生说大约是在半夜死的Death occurred about midnight, the doctor says
那疾病多见于农村地区The disease occurs most frequently in rural areas
抢劫的事每天都有Robbery is now an everyday occurrence

current undercurrent currency
他们在接受该计划时心怀不满There was an undercurrent of resentment in their acceptance of the plan
强劲的、激烈的、湍急的、危险的潜流strong, fierce, fast, dangerous, undercurrents
普遍的看法、信仰current opinions, beliefs
在城里广为传播的谎言a rumour that is current in the city
没有任何事干扰村里一向平静的生活Nothing disturbs the peaceful current of life in the village
excurse excursion excursionist excursive excursus
上山游玩一天go on/make a day excursion to the mountains
购物之行a shopping excursion
离题的散漫的随意的excursive

course
我在漫长的一生中饱经沧桑In the course of my long life I've known many changes
历史的进程the course of history
我在整个旅程中没有睡过一次觉I didn't sleep once during the entire course of the journey
上上策是不予理睬the wisest course would be to ignore it
政府的现行方针后患无穷The Government's present course will only lead to disaster

intercourse
避免一切人际关系的害羞的人a shy person who avoids all human intercourses

concourse
售票处在车票大厅的后部The ticket office is at the rear of the station concourse
大群的朝圣者a vast concourse of pilgrims

courser courier
猎狗courser
导游、信使courier

succour
援救伤病员bring succour to the sick and wounded

cursorial cursory cursive
（动物）善于奔跑的cursorial
粗略的；草率的；仓促的cursory
他把文件稍一过目就放到一边了He put aside the papers after a cursory study
匆匆的一瞥、粗略的一看、草草的检查a cursory glance, look, inspection
草书的草体的cursive

precursor precursory
预示革命将爆发的小规模动乱small disturbance that were precursors of the revolution to come
最早出现的电话是现代通讯网的雏形The first telephone was the precursor of modern communications networks

recur recurrence
反复出现的问题、错误、疾病a recurring problem, erroe, illness
这种症状有可能复发The symptoms tend to recur
我们初次见面时的情形常浮现于我的脑海Our first meeting often recurs to me/my mind

transcurrent
横过的 贯穿的

corridor curriculum
走廊 课程


21. dent = tooth

dentist dentistry dental dentive dentiform dentate dentoid
齿的 有齿的 齿状的

bident trident multidentate interdental denticle
二齿的bident
三叉戟trident/三齿的tridentate
多齿的multidentate
在牙齿间的interdental
小齿denticle

indent
犬牙交错的海岸线an indented coastline
请于每段第一行缩格书写Please indent the first line of each paragraph

edentate
无齿的 贫齿类动物

词汇及用法的按词根归类22-24 （共252）

22. di = day

diary diarist diarize diarial
写日记keep a diary
记日记diarize
日记的diarial

dial meridian antemeridian postmeridian
子午线meridian上/下午的antemeridian/postmeridian


23. dict = say（也作dic）

contradict contradiction contradictory
这个报告与我们昨天听到的有矛盾The report contradicts what we heard yesterday
他私下的行为跟公开的言论完全是两码事His private actions are in direct/flat contradiction to/with his publicly expressed opinions
我觉得他的公开言论与私下行为并无二致I find no contradiction between his publicly expressed opinions and his private actions

dictate dictation dictator dictatorial dictatorship
按常规行事Follow the dictates of common sense
专横的教师、态度、语气a dictatorial teacher, manner, tone
我不愿被你呼来唤去的I refuse to be dictated to by you
不能强行规定人们应该怎样生活You can't dictate to people how they should live

predict prediction predictable
他预料政府要受挫，你认为这话靠得住吗？Do you take seriously his prediction of a government defeat
对着提案的反对意见来自那些早经料到会持反对态度的人Opposition to the proposal came from predictable quarters
我早知道你会这样说——果不其然！I knew you'd say that--you're so predictable!

malediction maledictory
咒骂malediction

benediction benedictory
祝福pronounce/say the benediction
祝福某人confer one's benediction on sb

indicate indication indicator indicative
鉴于政府未能处理好失业问题，有必要采取新的措施With the government's failure to solve the problem of unemployment, a fresh approach is indicated
诊断为癌症晚期，继续动手术a diagmosis of advanced cancer indicating an emergency operation她未表示打算做何回应She has not indicated how she proposes to react
看不出她听见我们的声音了She gave no indication of having heard us
他们没采取行动，表明他们对这个问题不感兴趣Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest/indicative that they have no interest in the problem

diction dictum
发音清晰对演说家至关重要Clarity of diction is vital for a public speaker
语言风格 遣词造句diction著名的格言“知识就是力量”the well-known dictum 'knowledge is power'

edict
根据国王的赦令by edict of the king
服从议会通过的法令obey the edicts of parliament

dictaphone
录音笔voice recorder

indict indictment indictor indictee
他被控杀人[三项谋杀罪]He was indicted for murder/on three counts of murder
为非作歹现象有增无已，这是对我们的社会及其价值观的控诉The rise in delinquency is an indictment of our society and its values
控告杀人bring in an indictment against sb interdict interdiction interdictory
法律的禁止和禁用interdict
停职interdiction
地面拦截ground interdiction

verdict
陪审团作出了裁断The jury returned/announced/brought in their verdict
有罪[无罪]的裁断a verdict of guilty/not guilty
我妻子认为我做的饭菜极好My wife's verdict on my cooking was very favourable


24. dit = give

tradition traditional traditionlism
按照传统风俗，4月1日可以开恶作剧的玩笑By tradition, people play practical jokes on 1 April
edit editor editorial editorship subeditor edition
他们一定是把这次采访的一部分删掉了They must have edited bite of the interview out
编辑工作editorial work
社论社评editorial
编辑一本诗集edit a book of poetry

extradite extradition extraditable
西班牙警方拒绝引渡一个在法国抢劫银行而被通缉的人The Spanish police have refused to extradite a man wanted for a bank robbery in France
对战犯的引渡the extradition of war criminals

词汇及用法的按词根归类37-39 （共252）

37. gram = write, something written or drawn

grammar grammarian grammatical
语法上不规则的grammatically irregular
哪个句子语法不通That sentence is not grammatical
遣词造句不当use bad grammar

diagram diagrammatical
图解

telegram
发收电报

programme
政治纲领a political programme
为大学一年级新生拟制教学大纲plan a programme of lectures for first-year students
他们早先受过的教育已把他们训练得俯首贴耳、唯命是从Their early training programmes them to be obedient and submissive
这台录像机已调好在十点钟自动开机The video is programmed to switch itself on at ten o'clock

cryptogram
密码材料/密码文件

electrocardigram
心电图

seismogram
震动图

hologram
全息图/全息照相

phonogram
音标符号phonogram

gramophone
唱片a gramophone record


38. graph = write, writing, and instrument for making records

photograph photography
照出来好看/不好看 photograph well/badly

autograph
我有许多著名足球运动员的亲笔签名I've got lots of famous footabllers autographs
签名簿[册]an autograph book/album

geograph biograph idiograph
地理 传记 特别的记号

historiography
史料编纂/史料史评正史historiography

graphics
书画艺术the graphic arts
她一直绘声绘色地给我们讲她手术的细节She kept telling us about her operation, in the most graphic detail
对一场战斗的生动记述a graphic account of a battle

holography
亲笔文件/全像摄影holograph

chronograph
计时器chronograph

barograph
自动记录式气压计

seismograph
地震仪

macrograph micrograph
大形书写/肉眼检查

macrograph
写极小字的器具/显微照片micrograph

monograph
专题研究 论文 专文monograph

pseudograph
冒名作品pseudograph

orthography
正确或传统的拼写形式orthography
在词典中，词是按照字母拼写顺序排列的In dictionaries, words are listed according to their orthography


39. gress = go, walk

progress progressive progressist
行人沿着岩石小道慢慢往上走The walkers were making slow progress up the rocky path
在某些方面，上个世纪文明似乎进展不大In some ways, civilization does not seem to have progressed much in the last century
她的情况已逐步改进Her condition is showing a progressive improvement
进步的政党a progressive political party

retrogress retrogression re trogressive
中国离开社会主义就必然退回到半封建半殖民地Deciate from socialism and China will inecitably retrogress to semi-feudalism and semi-colonialism

congress congressional congressman
代表大会的审查、委员会a congressional investigation, committee

aggress agression agressive agressor
公然的侵略行动an act of open aggression
她自幼心中就充满了敌对情绪She was always full of aggression as a child
要做个好推销员一定要有闯劲才能成功A good salesman must be aggressive if he wants to secceed
侵略国the aggressor nation

egress egression
外出 外出权

ingress ingression
进入 [计]进端口

transgress gransgression
逾矩transgress the bounds of decency

digress
讲课时不要岔开主题Don't digress when lecturing
请允许我说几句题外话If you'll allow a light digression

regress
很多人，盛怒之下又退回到孩提时代，边大喊大叫边跺脚地发脾气Many men, when very angry, regerss to their childhood and show their bad temper by shouting and stamping their feet